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Sign in[Submit an Article](https://write.insightmediagroup.io) [Latest](https://towardsdatascience.com/latest/)[Editor's Picks](https://towardsdatascience.com/tag/editors-pick/)[Newsletter](https://towardsdatascience.com/tag/the-variable/)[ShipAI](https://towardsdatascience.com/shipai/) * * * [Write For TDS](https://towardsdatascience.com/submissions/) [LinkedIn](https://www.linkedin.com/company/towards-data-science/)[X](https://x.com/TDataScience)Toggle Search # Sentiment Analysis and Structural Breaks in Time-Series Text Data Arabica now offers a structural break and sentiment analysis module to enrich time-series text mining [Petr Koráb](https://towardsdatascience.com/author/petrkorab/) March 6, 20237 min read ![Photo by Adam Śmigielski on Unsplash](../images/000.jpg) Photo by [Adam Śmigielski](https://unsplash.com/@smigielski?utm_source=medium&utm_medium=referral) on [Unsplash](https://unsplash.com?utm_source=medium&utm_medium=referral) ## Introduction Text data contains lots of qualitative information, which can be quantified with various methods, including sentiment analysis techniques. These models are used to identify, extract and quantify emotions from text data and have wide use in business and academic research. Since the text is often recorded on a time-series basis, text datasets might display structural breaks as the quantitative information change due to many possible factors. As a business analyst, measuring the changes in customer perceptions of a particular brand might be one of the key tasks. In the research role, one can be interested in the shifts in Vladimir Putin's public statements over time. [**Arabica**](https://pypi.org/project/arabica/) is a python library specifically designed to deal with similar questions. It contains these methods for exploratory analysis of time-series text datasets: * **arabica_freq** for descriptive n-gram-based exploratory analysis (EDA) * **cappuccino** is a **** visualization module including _** heatma _**p,**_ word clou _**d, and**_ line plo**_t for unigram, bigram, and trigram frequencies * **coffee_break** enables sentiment and structural break analysis. This article will introduce you to **Coffee-break,** the sentiment and structural breaks analysis module. Read the [documentation ](https://arabica.readthedocs.io/en/latest/index.html)and these tutorials for the first two methods: [arabica_freq](https://towardsdatascience.com/text-as-time-series-arabica-1-0-brings-new-features-for-exploratory-text-data-analysis-88eaabb84deb), [cappuccino](https://medium.com/towards-data-science/visualization-module-in-arabica-speeds-up-text-data-exploration-47114ad646ce). _**EDIT Jul 2023**_ _: Arabica has been updated. Check the_ _**documentation**_ _for the full list of parameters._ ## 2. Coffee_break: algorithm and structure The _coffee _break_ module has a simple backend architecture. Here is schematically how it works: ![Figure 1. Coffe_break architecture. Source: draw.io](../images/001.png) Figure 1. Coffe_break architecture. Source: draw.io Raw text is cleaned with [cleantext](https://pypi.org/project/cleantext/#description) providing punctuation and numbers cleaning. Stop words (the most common words in a language with no significant meaning) are not removed in the **pre-processing step** because they don't negatively affect sentiment analysis. However, with `skip` parameter, we can remove a list of additional stop words or unwanted strings (words or word sequences) that will not impact sentiment analysis. **Sentiment analysis** implements **VADER (**[_Valence Aware Dictionary and Sentiment Reasoner_](https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/ICWSM/article/view/14550) _)_ , __ a universal pre-trained sentiment classifier [1]. It was trained on social media data from Twitter, but it also works very well on other types of datasets. [My previous article](https://towardsdatascience.com/the-most-favorable-pre-trained-sentiment-classifiers-in-python-9107c06442c6) offers a more detailed introduction to the model and coding in Python. Coffee_break uses VADER's compound indicator for sentiment evaluation. The aggregate sentiment is calculated as: ![](../images/002.png) where _t_ is the aggregation period. The aggregate indicator ranges [-1: 1] having a positive sentiment closer to 1 and a negative approaching -1. The aggregated sentiment creates a time series displaying some degree of variability over time. **Structural breaks** in the time series are identified with the _Fisher-Jenks algorithm,_ or _Jenks Optimisation Method_ originally proposed by George F. Jenks [2]. It is a clustering-based method designed to find the best arrangement of values into different classes (clusters). The `jenks_breaks` function implemented with `jenkspy` library returns a list of values that correspond to the limits of the classes. These structural breaks are in the plot marked as vertical lines and visually indicate the breakpoints in the time series of text data. The **implemented libraries** are [Matplotlib ](https://pypi.org/project/matplotlib/)(visualization), [vaderSentiment ](https://pypi.org/project/vaderSentiment/)(sentiment analysis), and [jenkspy](https://pypi.org/project/jenkspy/) (structural breaks). [Pandas ](https://pypi.org/project/pandas/)and [Numpy ](https://pypi.org/project/numpy/)make the processing operations. ## 3. Use case: Twitter sentiment analysis Let's illustrate the coding on [Pfizer Vaccine Tweets dataset](https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/gpreda/pfizer-vaccine-tweets) collected using Twitter API. The data contains 11 000 tweets about Pfizer & BioNTech vaccine posted between 2006 and 2021. The dataset is released under the [CC0: Public Domain](https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) license according to [Twitter developer policy](https://developer.twitter.com/en/developer-terms/commercial-terms). The data contains a lot of punctuation and numbers and needs cleaning before any further steps: ![Figure 2. Pfizer Vaccine Tweets dataset](../images/003.png) Figure 2. Pfizer Vaccine Tweets dataset The _coffee _break_ method's parameters are: python ``` def coffee_break(text: str, # Text column time: str, # Time column date_format: str, # Date format: 'eur' - European, 'us' - American time_freq: int ='', # Aggregation period: 'Y'/'M' preprocess: bool = False, # Clean data from numbers and punctuation skip: [] , # Remove additional stop words n_breaks: int ='' # Number of breaks: min. 2 ) ``` ## 3. 1. Sentiment analysis over time Our data has a 15-year time span covering the Covid-19 crisis. Changes in the public mood about vaccination, fake news about vaccines, and many other factors are expected to lead to significant variations in sentiment over time. ### Coding First, import _coffee _break_ : python ``` from arabica import coffee_break ``` Arabica reads dates in **US-style (**_MM/DD/YYYY)_ and **European-style** (_DD/MM/YYYY)_ date and datetime formats. The data is pretty raw and covers 15 years. Displaying sentiment by month is, therefore, not very helpful. Let's clean the data and aggregate sentiment by year with this code: python ``` coffee_break(text = data['text'], time = data['date'], date_format = 'eur', # Read dates in European format time_freq = 'Y', # Yearly aggregation preprocess = True, # Clean data - punctuation + numbers skip = None , # No other stop words removed n_breaks = None) # No structural break analysis ``` ### Results Arabica returns a picture that can be manually saved in PNG or JPEG. ![Figure 3. Sentiment analysis - yearly](../images/004.png) Figure 3. Sentiment analysis - yearly At the same time, Arabica returns a dataframe with the corresponding data. The table can be saved simply by assigning the function to an object : python ``` # generate a dataframe df = coffee_break(text = data['text'], time = data['date'], date_format = 'eur', time_freq = 'Y', preprocess = True, skip = None , n_breaks = None) # save is as a csv df.to_csv('sentiment_data.csv') ``` > **Results interpretation:** we can see that sentiment significantly dropped after Pfizer vaccines started to be used to tackle Covid in 2021 (Figure 2). The reason is likely the global pandemic the world faced and the generally negative mood in these years. ## 3.2. Structural break analysis Next, let's formalize the structural breaks in sentiment statistically. _Coffe _break_ enables the identification of min. 2 breakpoints. The following code returns a figure with 3 breakpoints marked by vertical lines and the table with the corresponding time series: python ``` coffee_break(text = data['text'], time = data['date'], date_format = 'eur', # Read dates in European format time_freq = 'Y', # Yearly aggregation preprocess = True, # Clean data skip = None, # No other stop words removed n_breaks = 3) # 3 breaktpoints ``` The figure: ![Figure 4. Structural break analysis - yearly](../images/005.png) Figure 4. Structural break analysis - yearly Subsetting the data to the two Covid years (2020–2021), we might observe monthly changes in public sentiment, keeping `n_breaks = 3` and setting `time_freq = 'M'` : ![Figure 5. Structural break analysis - monthly](../images/006.png) Figure 5. Structural break analysis - monthly The graph is not very informative. There are 1577 rows for 24 time observations in this subset, and after cleaning the raw data, the time series is very volatile. Making conclusions using a clustering-based algorithm on such a limited volume of data is not a good idea. > **Results interpretation:** the structural break analysis in yearly frequency statstically confirmed what we could see from the time series of sentiment in Figure 3. Fisher-Jenks algorithm identified three structural breaks - in 2009, 2017, and 2021. We can only guess what caused the decline in 2009 and between 2016 and 2018. The 2021's drop is likely reasoned by the Covid-19 crisis. ## 4. Best practices for structural break analysis Let's summarize the recommendations for the most effective use of _coffee _break_ : * don't use structural break analysis if there are NAN values in the corresponding time series. * identification of more than 3 break points makes sense in longer time series (at least 12 observations). * breakpoint identification might not work well in highly volatile datasets. The reason for dramatic changes might not be the shifts in sentiment but rather the quality of data. * the analysis is only as correct as the underlying sentiment data. Before the actual use, make a short exploration of the raw text dataset to check if (1) it is not too imbalanced in the number of rows for each period and (2) it contains enough information for sentiment evaluation (texts are not too short and don't contain mostly digits and special characters). ![Image by author](../images/007.png) Image by author ## Conclusion A drawback of _coffee _break_ is that currently, it only works with **English texts.** Due to the fact that Arabica is mainly a Pandas-based package (including Numpy vectorization in some parts), _coffee _break_ is rather slow in evaluating large datasets. It is time-efficient in processing datasets of up to approx. 40 000 rows. Read these tutorials to find out more about n-gram and sentiment analysis and visualization of time-series text data: * [_**Visualization Module in Arabica Speeds Up Text Data Exploration**_](https://medium.com/towards-data-science/visualization-module-in-arabica-speeds-up-text-data-exploration-47114ad646ce) * [_**Customer Satisfaction Measurement with N-gram and Sentiment Analysis**_](https://towardsdatascience.com/customer-satisfaction-measurement-with-n-gram-and-sentiment-analysis-547e291c13a6) * [_**Research Article Meta-data Description Made Quick and Easy**_](https://pub.towardsai.net/research-article-meta-data-description-made-quick-and-easy-57754e54b550) * [_**The Most Favorable Pre-trained Sentiment Classifiers in Python**_](https://medium.com/towards-data-science/the-most-favorable-pre-trained-sentiment-classifiers-in-python-9107c06442c6) _Coffee _break_ has been developed in cooperation with Prof. Jitka Poměnková (Brno University of Technology). The complete code in this tutorial is on my [GitHub](https://github.com/PetrKorab/Arabica/blob/main/docs/examples/coffee_break_examples.ipynb). _Did you like the article? You can invite me_[ _for coffee_](https://www.buymeacoffee.com/petrkorab) _and support my writing. You can also subscribe to my_[ _email list_](https://medium.com/subscribe/@petrkorab) _to get notified about my new articles. Thanks!_ ![Photo by Content Pixie on Unsplash](../images/008.jpg) Photo by [Content Pixie](https://unsplash.com/@contentpixie?utm_source=medium&utm_medium=referral) on [Unsplash](https://unsplash.com?utm_source=medium&utm_medium=referral) ## References [1] Hutto, C., Gilbert, E. (2014). [VADER: A Parsimonious Rule-Based Model for Sentiment Analysis of Social Media Text](https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/ICWSM/article/view/14550). _Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media_ , _8_(1), 216–225. [2] Jenks, G.F. (1977). _Optimal data classification for choropleth maps._ Kansas. University. Dept. of Geography-Meteorology. Occasional paper no. 2. ## Register Now to Continue Reading ### Unlock Towards Data Science with a Free Account All articles on Towards Data Science are available to registered users. Create a free account today to access this article and thousands more. 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