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  "author": "Exploring Language Models Maarten Grootendorst",
  "title_listed": "A Visual Guide to BERTopic for Topic Modeling",
  "keywords": "BERTopic,主题建模,NLP",
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  "url": "https://newsletter.maartengrootendorst.com/p/a-visual-guide-to-bertopic",
  "publish_date": "2023-05",
  "corpus_stage": "数据处理",
  "notes": "BERTopic主题建模",
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  "collected_at": "2026-10-01T20:46:44",
  "title": "Exploring Language Models | Maarten Grootendorst | Substack",
  "body_markdown": "[![Exploring Language Models](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pSe8!,w_40,h_40,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2fb8063f-af0e-4219-a0a7-84d301fdf506_1280x1280.png)](https://newsletter.maartengrootendorst.com/)\n# [Exploring Language Models](https://newsletter.maartengrootendorst.com/)\nSubscribeSign in\n[Home](https://newsletter.maartengrootendorst.com/)\n[Books](https://newsletter.maartengrootendorst.com/p/books)\n[Support](https://newsletter.maartengrootendorst.com/p/support)\n[Archive](https://newsletter.maartengrootendorst.com/archive)\n[About](https://newsletter.maartengrootendorst.com/about)\n## Page not found\nLatestTopDiscussions\n[A Visual Guide to DiffusionGemma](https://newsletter.maartengrootendorst.com/p/a-visual-guide-to-diffusiongemma)\n[Going beyond autoregression.](https://newsletter.maartengrootendorst.com/p/a-visual-guide-to-diffusiongemma)\nJun 10 • [Maarten Grootendorst](https://substack.com/@maartengrootendorst)\n101\n5\n6\n![](../images/013.png)\n[A Visual Guide to Gemma 4 12B](https://newsletter.maartengrootendorst.com/p/a-visual-guide-to-gemma-4-12b)\n[A unified, encoder-free multimodal model!](https://newsletter.maartengrootendorst.com/p/a-visual-guide-to-gemma-4-12b)\nJun 3 • [Maarten Grootendorst](https://substack.com/@maartengrootendorst)\n185\n13\n15\n![](../images/031.png)\n### April 2026\n[A Visual Guide to Gemma 4](https://newsletter.maartengrootendorst.com/p/a-visual-guide-to-gemma-4)\n[A great start to a new job ;)](https://newsletter.maartengrootendorst.com/p/a-visual-guide-to-gemma-4)\nApr 3 • [Maarten Grootendorst](https://substack.com/@maartengrootendorst)\n441\n33\n72\n![](../images/body-50b66d21a07447087e85.png)\n### February 2026\n[The Story Behind the \"RAG Pack\"](https://newsletter.maartengrootendorst.com/p/the-story-behind-the-rag-pack)\n[It all started with a course...](https://newsletter.maartengrootendorst.com/p/the-story-behind-the-rag-pack)\nFeb 12 • [Maarten Grootendorst](https://substack.com/@maartengrootendorst)\n37\n4\n1\n![](../images/body-0e6d383c6a5b632ea8c0.png)\n### March 2025\n[A Visual Guide to LLM Agents](https://newsletter.maartengrootendorst.com/p/a-visual-guide-to-llm-agents)\n[Exploring the main components of Single- and Multi-Agents](https://newsletter.maartengrootendorst.com/p/a-visual-guide-to-llm-agents)\nMar 17, 2025 • [Maarten Grootendorst](https://substack.com/@maartengrootendorst)\n609\n23\n71\n![](../images/body-614582862cc7308dddf0.png)\n### February 2025\n[A Visual Guide to Reasoning LLMs](https://newsletter.maartengrootendorst.com/p/a-visual-guide-to-reasoning-llms)\n[Exploring Test-Time Compute Techniques and DeepSeek-R1](https://newsletter.maartengrootendorst.com/p/a-visual-guide-to-reasoning-llms)\nFeb 3, 2025 • [Maarten Grootendorst](https://substack.com/@maartengrootendorst)\n642\n28\n68\n![](../images/body-42a818fd5804c87ed6dc.png)\n### October 2024\n[A Visual Guide to Mixture of Experts (MoE)](https://newsletter.maartengrootendorst.com/p/a-visual-guide-to-mixture-of-experts)\n[Demystifying the role of MoE in Large Language Models](https://newsletter.maartengrootendorst.com/p/a-visual-guide-to-mixture-of-experts)\nOct 7, 2024 • [Maarten Grootendorst](https://substack.com/@maartengrootendorst)\n451\n22\n46\n![](../images/body-cf8155c153f63cf8ad37.png)\n### July 2024\n[A Visual Guide to Quantization](https://newsletter.maartengrootendorst.com/p/a-visual-guide-to-quantization)\n[Demystifying the Compression of Large Language Models](https://newsletter.maartengrootendorst.com/p/a-visual-guide-to-quantization)\nJul 22, 2024 • [Maarten Grootendorst](https://substack.com/@maartengrootendorst)\n546\n26\n47\n![](../images/body-77e687875e84cfaf1ef6.png)\n### February 2024\n[A Visual Guide to Mamba and State Space Models](https://newsletter.maartengrootendorst.com/p/a-visual-guide-to-mamba-and-state)\n[An Alternative to Transformers for Language Modeling](https://newsletter.maartengrootendorst.com/p/a-visual-guide-to-mamba-and-state)\nFeb 19, 2024 • [Maarten Grootendorst](https://substack.com/@maartengrootendorst)\n382\n25\n35\n![](../images/body-84d319b456479dbccfc2.png)\n### December 2023\n[Book Update #2 - Hands-On Large Language Models](https://newsletter.maartengrootendorst.com/p/book-update-2-hands-on-large-language)\n[A Christmas Update!](https://newsletter.maartengrootendorst.com/p/book-update-2-hands-on-large-language)\nDec 21, 2023 • [Maarten Grootendorst](https://substack.com/@maartengrootendorst)\n43\n7\n1\n![](../images/body-9554e80d1f1528e3a754.jpeg)\n[BERTopic: What Is So Special About v0.16?](https://newsletter.maartengrootendorst.com/p/bertopic-what-is-so-special-about)\n[Exploring Zero-Shot Topic Modeling, Model Merging, and LLMs](https://newsletter.maartengrootendorst.com/p/bertopic-what-is-so-special-about)\nDec 12, 2023 • [Maarten Grootendorst](https://substack.com/@maartengrootendorst)\n11\n4\n3\n![](../images/body-fc1dc878fc82ee65a9d1.png)\n### November 2023\n[Which Quantization Method is Right for You? (GPTQ vs. GGUF vs. AWQ) ](https://newsletter.maartengrootendorst.com/p/which-quantization-method-is-right)\n[Exploring Pre-Quantized Large Language Models](https://newsletter.maartengrootendorst.com/p/which-quantization-method-is-right)\nNov 13, 2023 • [Maarten Grootendorst](https://substack.com/@maartengrootendorst)\n40\n3\n3\n![](../images/body-aaebe7858b2ba4d2df0f.png)\n### October 2023\n[Introducing KeyLLM — Keyword Extraction with LLMs](https://newsletter.maartengrootendorst.com/p/introducing-keyllm-keyword-extraction)\n[Use KeyLLM, KeyBERT, and Mistral 7B to extract keywords from your data](https://newsletter.maartengrootendorst.com/p/introducing-keyllm-keyword-extraction)\nOct 5, 2023 • [Maarten Grootendorst](https://substack.com/@maartengrootendorst)\n29\n9\n3\n![](../images/body-471cdf977807b576ed17.png)\n### September 2023\n[3 Ways To Improve Your Large Language Model](https://newsletter.maartengrootendorst.com/p/3-ways-to-improve-your-llm)\n[Enhancing the power of Llama 2](https://newsletter.maartengrootendorst.com/p/3-ways-to-improve-your-llm)\nSep 11, 2023 • [Maarten Grootendorst](https://substack.com/@maartengrootendorst)\n18\n2\n1\n![](../images/body-ff4a0fa085624316dee1.png)\n### August 2023\n[Topic Modeling with Llama 2](https://newsletter.maartengrootendorst.com/p/topic-modeling-with-llama-2)\n[Create easily interpretable topics with Large Language Models](https://newsletter.maartengrootendorst.com/p/topic-modeling-with-llama-2)\nAug 21, 2023 • [Maarten Grootendorst](https://substack.com/@maartengrootendorst)\n24\n7\n2\n![](../images/body-3d46f73251d153c32204.png)\n[Decoding Auto-GPT](https://newsletter.maartengrootendorst.com/p/decoding-auto-gpt)\n[The Mechanics of an Autonomous GPT-4](https://newsletter.maartengrootendorst.com/p/decoding-auto-gpt)\nAug 7, 2023 • [Maarten Grootendorst](https://substack.com/@maartengrootendorst)\n11\n2\n![](../images/body-23762bd6d11cc9f8a12e.png)\n### June 2023\n[Welcome!](https://newsletter.maartengrootendorst.com/p/coming-soon)\n[Book Update #1](https://newsletter.maartengrootendorst.com/p/coming-soon)\nJun 18, 2023 • [Maarten Grootendorst](https://substack.com/@maartengrootendorst)\n18\n![](../images/body-e843127511e3c53acafe.jpeg)\n© 2026 Maarten Grootendorst · [Privacy](https://substack.com/privacy) ∙ [Terms](https://substack.com/tos) ∙ [Collection notice](https://substack.com/ccpa#personal-data-collected)\n[ Start your Substack](https://substack.com/signup?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=web&utm_content=footer)[Get the app](https://substack.com/app/app-store-redirect?utm_campaign=app-marketing&utm_content=web-footer-button)\n[Substack](https://substack.com) is the home for great culture\n",
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  "source_body_markdown": "[![Exploring Language Models](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pSe8!,w_40,h_40,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2fb8063f-af0e-4219-a0a7-84d301fdf506_1280x1280.png)](https://newsletter.maartengrootendorst.com/)\n# [Exploring Language Models](https://newsletter.maartengrootendorst.com/)\nSubscribeSign in\n[Home](https://newsletter.maartengrootendorst.com/)\n[Books](https://newsletter.maartengrootendorst.com/p/books)\n[Support](https://newsletter.maartengrootendorst.com/p/support)\n[Archive](https://newsletter.maartengrootendorst.com/archive)\n[About](https://newsletter.maartengrootendorst.com/about)\n## Page not found\nLatestTopDiscussions\n[A Visual Guide to DiffusionGemma](https://newsletter.maartengrootendorst.com/p/a-visual-guide-to-diffusiongemma)\n[Going beyond autoregression.](https://newsletter.maartengrootendorst.com/p/a-visual-guide-to-diffusiongemma)\nJun 10 • [Maarten Grootendorst](https://substack.com/@maartengrootendorst)\n101\n5\n6\n![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Jzj_!,w_320,h_213,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_center/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F54a6bc84-a179-4314-a0f3-32a40cd7c100_6900x4610.png)\n[A Visual Guide to Gemma 4 12B](https://newsletter.maartengrootendorst.com/p/a-visual-guide-to-gemma-4-12b)\n[A unified, encoder-free multimodal model!](https://newsletter.maartengrootendorst.com/p/a-visual-guide-to-gemma-4-12b)\nJun 3 • [Maarten Grootendorst](https://substack.com/@maartengrootendorst)\n185\n13\n15\n![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Ul5V!,w_320,h_213,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_center/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8d3a1af8-7907-4b04-913f-2003728f6c2e_3430x2290.png)\n### April 2026\n[A Visual Guide to Gemma 4](https://newsletter.maartengrootendorst.com/p/a-visual-guide-to-gemma-4)\n[A great start to a new job ;)](https://newsletter.maartengrootendorst.com/p/a-visual-guide-to-gemma-4)\nApr 3 • [Maarten Grootendorst](https://substack.com/@maartengrootendorst)\n441\n33\n72\n![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Vj_W!,w_320,h_213,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_center/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F37fe0e0b-90b8-445b-b2a8-0a402605cc18_6208x4980.png)\n### February 2026\n[The Story Behind the \"RAG Pack\"](https://newsletter.maartengrootendorst.com/p/the-story-behind-the-rag-pack)\n[It all started with a course...](https://newsletter.maartengrootendorst.com/p/the-story-behind-the-rag-pack)\nFeb 12 • [Maarten Grootendorst](https://substack.com/@maartengrootendorst)\n37\n4\n1\n![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YO5U!,w_320,h_213,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_center/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F70828a87-3534-4437-b5e9-a1dad38ca7e7_1515x712.png)\n### March 2025\n[A Visual Guide to LLM Agents](https://newsletter.maartengrootendorst.com/p/a-visual-guide-to-llm-agents)\n[Exploring the main components of Single- and Multi-Agents](https://newsletter.maartengrootendorst.com/p/a-visual-guide-to-llm-agents)\nMar 17, 2025 • [Maarten Grootendorst](https://substack.com/@maartengrootendorst)\n609\n23\n71\n![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!A_Oy!,w_320,h_213,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_center/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc3177e12-432e-4e41-814f-6febf7a35f68_1360x972.png)\n### February 2025\n[A Visual Guide to Reasoning LLMs](https://newsletter.maartengrootendorst.com/p/a-visual-guide-to-reasoning-llms)\n[Exploring Test-Time Compute Techniques and DeepSeek-R1](https://newsletter.maartengrootendorst.com/p/a-visual-guide-to-reasoning-llms)\nFeb 3, 2025 • [Maarten Grootendorst](https://substack.com/@maartengrootendorst)\n642\n28\n68\n![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Gvlc!,w_320,h_213,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_center/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F10912af1-1648-44e2-9cfc-af1c5b2a5aa8_1020x729.png)\n### October 2024\n[A Visual Guide to Mixture of Experts (MoE)](https://newsletter.maartengrootendorst.com/p/a-visual-guide-to-mixture-of-experts)\n[Demystifying the role of MoE in Large Language Models](https://newsletter.maartengrootendorst.com/p/a-visual-guide-to-mixture-of-experts)\nOct 7, 2024 • [Maarten Grootendorst](https://substack.com/@maartengrootendorst)\n451\n22\n46\n![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!o-PE!,w_320,h_213,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_center/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F50a9eba8-8490-4959-8cda-f0855af65d67_1360x972.png)\n### July 2024\n[A Visual Guide to Quantization](https://newsletter.maartengrootendorst.com/p/a-visual-guide-to-quantization)\n[Demystifying the Compression of Large Language Models](https://newsletter.maartengrootendorst.com/p/a-visual-guide-to-quantization)\nJul 22, 2024 • [Maarten Grootendorst](https://substack.com/@maartengrootendorst)\n546\n26\n47\n![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yYxw!,w_320,h_213,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_center/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe9d17077-d9af-4b37-9b9b-57ef9aaa1ca9_680x486.png)\n### February 2024\n[A Visual Guide to Mamba and State Space Models](https://newsletter.maartengrootendorst.com/p/a-visual-guide-to-mamba-and-state)\n[An Alternative to Transformers for Language Modeling](https://newsletter.maartengrootendorst.com/p/a-visual-guide-to-mamba-and-state)\nFeb 19, 2024 • [Maarten Grootendorst](https://substack.com/@maartengrootendorst)\n382\n25\n35\n![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!iw2m!,w_320,h_213,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_center/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F89fbbc95-d92f-49f4-833b-cfa37b3f0644_1148x892.png)\n### December 2023\n[Book Update #2 - Hands-On Large Language Models](https://newsletter.maartengrootendorst.com/p/book-update-2-hands-on-large-language)\n[A Christmas Update!](https://newsletter.maartengrootendorst.com/p/book-update-2-hands-on-large-language)\nDec 21, 2023 • [Maarten Grootendorst](https://substack.com/@maartengrootendorst)\n43\n7\n1\n![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nSn-!,w_320,h_213,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_center/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9bb445d6-9f58-4f9c-bd5a-032875dc479a_2100x2757.jpeg)\n[BERTopic: What Is So Special About v0.16?](https://newsletter.maartengrootendorst.com/p/bertopic-what-is-so-special-about)\n[Exploring Zero-Shot Topic Modeling, Model Merging, and LLMs](https://newsletter.maartengrootendorst.com/p/bertopic-what-is-so-special-about)\nDec 12, 2023 • [Maarten Grootendorst](https://substack.com/@maartengrootendorst)\n11\n4\n3\n![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ORPm!,w_320,h_213,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_center/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc3f6c0af-a52d-4abf-b859-20b6c14f32ee_7280x4096.png)\n### November 2023\n[Which Quantization Method is Right for You? (GPTQ vs. GGUF vs. AWQ) ](https://newsletter.maartengrootendorst.com/p/which-quantization-method-is-right)\n[Exploring Pre-Quantized Large Language Models](https://newsletter.maartengrootendorst.com/p/which-quantization-method-is-right)\nNov 13, 2023 • [Maarten Grootendorst](https://substack.com/@maartengrootendorst)\n40\n3\n3\n![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rDfp!,w_320,h_213,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_center/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff4b9b62b-7ced-4271-b063-3cc65863f23a_800x450.png)\n### October 2023\n[Introducing KeyLLM — Keyword Extraction with LLMs](https://newsletter.maartengrootendorst.com/p/introducing-keyllm-keyword-extraction)\n[Use KeyLLM, KeyBERT, and Mistral 7B to extract keywords from your data](https://newsletter.maartengrootendorst.com/p/introducing-keyllm-keyword-extraction)\nOct 5, 2023 • [Maarten Grootendorst](https://substack.com/@maartengrootendorst)\n29\n9\n3\n![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QNK-!,w_320,h_213,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_center/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2e176d96-f8aa-4c7d-ab99-674b921260fd_1820x1024.png)\n### September 2023\n[3 Ways To Improve Your Large Language Model](https://newsletter.maartengrootendorst.com/p/3-ways-to-improve-your-llm)\n[Enhancing the power of Llama 2](https://newsletter.maartengrootendorst.com/p/3-ways-to-improve-your-llm)\nSep 11, 2023 • [Maarten Grootendorst](https://substack.com/@maartengrootendorst)\n18\n2\n1\n![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Cojd!,w_320,h_213,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_center/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F794c9636-0496-4e75-935e-17f80bec0d96_7280x4096.png)\n### August 2023\n[Topic Modeling with Llama 2](https://newsletter.maartengrootendorst.com/p/topic-modeling-with-llama-2)\n[Create easily interpretable topics with Large Language Models](https://newsletter.maartengrootendorst.com/p/topic-modeling-with-llama-2)\nAug 21, 2023 • [Maarten Grootendorst](https://substack.com/@maartengrootendorst)\n24\n7\n2\n![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0QBM!,w_320,h_213,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_center/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb00e5bf2-040c-41eb-bf90-1416cc32e339_720x405.png)\n[Decoding Auto-GPT](https://newsletter.maartengrootendorst.com/p/decoding-auto-gpt)\n[The Mechanics of an Autonomous GPT-4](https://newsletter.maartengrootendorst.com/p/decoding-auto-gpt)\nAug 7, 2023 • [Maarten Grootendorst](https://substack.com/@maartengrootendorst)\n11\n2\n![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kPeS!,w_320,h_213,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_center/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7ad531ce-6e21-49a0-9100-d0c9f061de54_5460x3072.png)\n### June 2023\n[Welcome!](https://newsletter.maartengrootendorst.com/p/coming-soon)\n[Book Update #1](https://newsletter.maartengrootendorst.com/p/coming-soon)\nJun 18, 2023 • [Maarten Grootendorst](https://substack.com/@maartengrootendorst)\n18\n![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eIDp!,w_320,h_213,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_center/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F90350dc2-efbf-4778-be59-bfa276e82119_2100x2757.jpeg)\n© 2026 Maarten Grootendorst · [Privacy](https://substack.com/privacy) ∙ [Terms](https://substack.com/tos) ∙ [Collection notice](https://substack.com/ccpa#personal-data-collected)\n[ Start your Substack](https://substack.com/signup?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=web&utm_content=footer)[Get the app](https://substack.com/app/app-store-redirect?utm_campaign=app-marketing&utm_content=web-footer-button)\n[Substack](https://substack.com) is the home for great culture\n",
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