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  "title_listed": "How LLMs Actually Work: A Primer",
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  "body_markdown": "[![Artificial Ignorance](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7wjr!,w_40,h_40,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F28fcc730-2c7a-445c-b720-72ff68f2b4a8_1280x1280.png)](https://www.ignorance.ai/)\n# [![Artificial Ignorance](../images/013.png)](https://www.ignorance.ai/)\nSubscribeSign in\n[Home](https://www.ignorance.ai/)\n[Essays](https://www.ignorance.ai/t/essay)\n[Analysis](https://www.ignorance.ai/t/analysis)\n[Projects](https://www.ignorance.ai/t/project)\n[Roundups](https://www.ignorance.ai/t/roundup)\n[About](https://www.ignorance.ai/about)\n## Page not found\nLatestTopDiscussions\n[Voice Agents Can Just Do Things](https://www.ignorance.ai/p/voice-agents-can-just-do-things)\n[Why voice is the next capability overhang.](https://www.ignorance.ai/p/voice-agents-can-just-do-things)\nSep 28 • [Charlie Guo](https://substack.com/@charlieguo)\n9\n1\n1\n![](../images/014.png)\n[It’s Been a Minute](https://www.ignorance.ai/p/its-been-a-minute)\n[I’ve been meaning to write about *all of this*.](https://www.ignorance.ai/p/its-been-a-minute)\nSep 21 • [Charlie Guo](https://substack.com/@charlieguo)\n26\n10\n1\n![](../images/032.png)\n### March 2026\n[The Bots Are Reading Along](https://www.ignorance.ai/p/the-bots-are-reading-along)\n[On AI audiences, intellectual immortality, and why the \"why\" of writing matters more than the \"who\".](https://www.ignorance.ai/p/the-bots-are-reading-along)\nMar 23 • [Charlie Guo](https://substack.com/@charlieguo)\n35\n8\n4\n![](../images/body-677459d35df4593933f9.jpeg)\n[BYOB: Build Your Own Benchmark](https://www.ignorance.ai/p/byob-build-your-own-benchmark)\n[AI benchmarks are saturating, getting harder to verify, and increasingly irrelevant to how most people use models. The replacements are weirder - and…](https://www.ignorance.ai/p/byob-build-your-own-benchmark)\nMar 1 • [Charlie Guo](https://substack.com/@charlieguo)\n25\n6\n3\n![](../images/body-6168f06854b8e115c0b7.jpeg)\n### February 2026\n[The Emerging \"Harness Engineering\" Playbook](https://www.ignorance.ai/p/the-emerging-harness-engineering)\n[The converging best practices for building with coding agents, from OpenAI to Stripe to OpenClaw.](https://www.ignorance.ai/p/the-emerging-harness-engineering)\nFeb 22 • [Charlie Guo](https://substack.com/@charlieguo)\n92\n14\n9\n![](../images/body-77efc3ad0146f9b69f0b.jpeg)\n[GPT-5.3-Codex and Claude Opus 4.6: More System Card Shenanigans](https://www.ignorance.ai/p/gpt-5-3-and-claude-opus-4-6-system-cards)\n[Evaluation awareness, reward hacking, and the cybersecurity problem.](https://www.ignorance.ai/p/gpt-5-3-and-claude-opus-4-6-system-cards)\nFeb 11 • [Charlie Guo](https://substack.com/@charlieguo)\n33\n5\n3\n![](../images/body-ebfeeb0ea0447ee60650.jpeg)\n[The Codex App Has Upended My Daily Workflow](https://www.ignorance.ai/p/the-codex-app-has-upended-my-daily)\n[I haven't opened my IDE in days. I'm not sure I miss it.](https://www.ignorance.ai/p/the-codex-app-has-upended-my-daily)\nFeb 2 • [Charlie Guo](https://substack.com/@charlieguo)\n29\n7\n2\n![](../images/body-a9b2e60ca062d2c5e35a.jpeg)\n### January 2026\n[Humans Welcome to Observe](https://www.ignorance.ai/p/openclaw-moltbook-and-the-ai-agents)\n[The OpenClaw/Clawdbot explainer: personal AI agents, security nightmares, and robot religion.](https://www.ignorance.ai/p/openclaw-moltbook-and-the-ai-agents)\nJan 31 • [Charlie Guo](https://substack.com/@charlieguo)\n45\n5\n8\n![](../images/body-2a4ef86d1c2e8d56122b.jpeg)\n[Skills, Tools and MCPs - What’s The Difference?](https://www.ignorance.ai/p/skills-tools-and-mcps-whats-the-difference)\n[The primitives for AI systems are still being invented. Here's where we are today.](https://www.ignorance.ai/p/skills-tools-and-mcps-whats-the-difference)\nJan 24 • [Charlie Guo](https://substack.com/@charlieguo)\n48\n4\n6\n![](../images/body-d5baf441bbfb82f780e1.jpeg)\n[The AI Manager's Schedule](https://www.ignorance.ai/p/the-ai-managers-schedule)\n[The new skills you need when your reports are LLMs.](https://www.ignorance.ai/p/the-ai-managers-schedule)\nJan 16 • [Charlie Guo](https://substack.com/@charlieguo)\n27\n1\n3\n![](../images/body-9d5df81e4cd58574df3f.jpeg)\n[On Joining OpenAI](https://www.ignorance.ai/p/on-joining-openai)\n[And the next chapter of Artificial Ignorance.](https://www.ignorance.ai/p/on-joining-openai)\nJan 9 • [Charlie Guo](https://substack.com/@charlieguo)\n35\n36\n1\n![](../images/body-762ec8d9c105777d04cf.png)\n[10 AI Stories That Shaped 2025](https://www.ignorance.ai/p/10-ai-stories-that-shaped-2025)\n[A look back at the year in AI news.](https://www.ignorance.ai/p/10-ai-stories-that-shaped-2025)\nJan 4 • [Charlie Guo](https://substack.com/@charlieguo)\n20\n2\n2\n![](../images/body-a3cc344dd546687f20a5.jpeg)\n### December 2025\n[AI Roundup 150: Empire State Defiance](https://www.ignorance.ai/p/ai-roundup-150-empire-state-defiance)\n[December 27, 2025.](https://www.ignorance.ai/p/ai-roundup-150-empire-state-defiance)\nDec 27, 2025 • [Charlie Guo](https://substack.com/@charlieguo)\n21\n2\n2\n![](../images/body-ec5a9cd33226ba533902.jpeg)\n[AI Roundup 149: Flash Forward](https://www.ignorance.ai/p/ai-roundup-flash-forward)\n[December 20, 2025.](https://www.ignorance.ai/p/ai-roundup-flash-forward)\nDec 20, 2025 • [Charlie Guo](https://substack.com/@charlieguo)\n18\n2\n1\n![](../images/body-aed15f8dfa2214bff42b.jpeg)\n[AI Trends for 2026](https://www.ignorance.ai/p/ai-trends-for-2026)\n[And a report card for last year’s predictions.](https://www.ignorance.ai/p/ai-trends-for-2026)\nDec 17, 2025 • [Charlie Guo](https://substack.com/@charlieguo)\n34\n5\n7\n![](../images/body-363d0f2368ad0c55a65d.jpeg)\n[AI Roundup 148: GPT-5.2](https://www.ignorance.ai/p/ai-roundup-gpt-5-2)\n[December 12, 2025.](https://www.ignorance.ai/p/ai-roundup-gpt-5-2)\nDec 12, 2025 • [Charlie Guo](https://substack.com/@charlieguo)\n19\n4\n1\n![](../images/body-cb351cd0403662696a66.jpeg)\n[AI Roundup 147: OpenAI's Code Red](https://www.ignorance.ai/p/ai-roundup-openais-code-red)\n[December 5, 2025.](https://www.ignorance.ai/p/ai-roundup-openais-code-red)\nDec 5, 2025 • [Charlie Guo](https://substack.com/@charlieguo)\n15\n2\n![](../images/body-f1315d582afa01efa738.jpeg)\n### November 2025\n[AI Roundup 146: Opus Day](https://www.ignorance.ai/p/ai-roundup-opus-day)\n[November 28, 2025.](https://www.ignorance.ai/p/ai-roundup-opus-day)\nNov 28, 2025 • [Charlie Guo](https://substack.com/@charlieguo)\n15\n1\n![](../images/body-24609e3d16a507af476e.jpeg)\n[AI Roundup 145: Gemini 3](https://www.ignorance.ai/p/ai-roundup-gemini-3)\n[November 21, 2025.](https://www.ignorance.ai/p/ai-roundup-gemini-3)\nNov 21, 2025 • [Charlie Guo](https://substack.com/@charlieguo)\n17\n![](../images/body-044d691743e46645ae6f.jpeg)\n[Gemini 3 and Google’s Antigravity Trajectory](https://www.ignorance.ai/p/gemini-3-and-googles-antigravity)\n[Google's simultaneous releases in models, research, and developer tools.](https://www.ignorance.ai/p/gemini-3-and-googles-antigravity)\nNov 19, 2025 • [Charlie Guo](https://substack.com/@charlieguo)\n21\n3\n6\n![](../images/body-e7264d827c714b4ddf2c.jpeg)\n[AI Roundup 144: Agentic espionage](https://www.ignorance.ai/p/ai-roundup-agentic-espionage)\n[November 14, 2025.](https://www.ignorance.ai/p/ai-roundup-agentic-espionage)\nNov 14, 2025 • [Charlie Guo](https://substack.com/@charlieguo)\n6\n1\n![](../images/body-9c761e4af8ba6e7e54a2.jpeg)\n[AI Roundup 143: Agent provocateur](https://www.ignorance.ai/p/ai-roundup-agent-provocateur)\n[November 7, 2025.](https://www.ignorance.ai/p/ai-roundup-agent-provocateur)\nNov 7, 2025 • [Charlie Guo](https://substack.com/@charlieguo)\n13\n![](../images/body-5e63937edae26daa4b5c.jpeg)\n[Is a CS Degree Still Worth It?](https://www.ignorance.ai/p/is-a-cs-degree-still-worth-it)\n[The junior developer crisis and the value of CS fundamentals.](https://www.ignorance.ai/p/is-a-cs-degree-still-worth-it)\nNov 6, 2025 • [Charlie Guo](https://substack.com/@charlieguo)\n13\n![](../images/body-3657cfe6de73d2b3f83e.jpeg)\n### October 2025\n[AI Roundup 142: Layoff season](https://www.ignorance.ai/p/ai-roundup-layoff-season)\n[October 31, 2025.](https://www.ignorance.ai/p/ai-roundup-layoff-season)\nOct 31, 2025 • [Charlie Guo](https://substack.com/@charlieguo)\n17\n1\n1\n![](../images/body-08006101ddf413131e94.jpeg)\n© 2026 Charlie Guo · [Privacy](https://substack.com/privacy) ∙ [Terms](https://substack.com/tos) ∙ [Collection notice](https://substack.com/ccpa#personal-data-collected)\n[ Start your 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  "source_body_markdown": "[![Artificial Ignorance](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7wjr!,w_40,h_40,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F28fcc730-2c7a-445c-b720-72ff68f2b4a8_1280x1280.png)](https://www.ignorance.ai/)\n# [![Artificial Ignorance](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!erBq!,e_trim:10:white/e_trim:10:transparent/h_72,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe64d4d74-df97-4290-afad-2bafb0355459_2000x400.png)](https://www.ignorance.ai/)\nSubscribeSign in\n[Home](https://www.ignorance.ai/)\n[Essays](https://www.ignorance.ai/t/essay)\n[Analysis](https://www.ignorance.ai/t/analysis)\n[Projects](https://www.ignorance.ai/t/project)\n[Roundups](https://www.ignorance.ai/t/roundup)\n[About](https://www.ignorance.ai/about)\n## Page not found\nLatestTopDiscussions\n[Voice Agents Can Just Do Things](https://www.ignorance.ai/p/voice-agents-can-just-do-things)\n[Why voice is the next capability overhang.](https://www.ignorance.ai/p/voice-agents-can-just-do-things)\nSep 28 • [Charlie Guo](https://substack.com/@charlieguo)\n9\n1\n1\n![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!z3hw!,w_320,h_213,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4842c61b-952f-4a7c-a4f6-87ca1d3ad47d_1672x941.png)\n[It’s Been a Minute](https://www.ignorance.ai/p/its-been-a-minute)\n[I’ve been meaning to write about *all of this*.](https://www.ignorance.ai/p/its-been-a-minute)\nSep 21 • [Charlie Guo](https://substack.com/@charlieguo)\n26\n10\n1\n![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dQ0N!,w_320,h_213,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fde89592b-018f-4dfc-997b-600b3372c36f_1672x941.png)\n### March 2026\n[The Bots Are Reading Along](https://www.ignorance.ai/p/the-bots-are-reading-along)\n[On AI audiences, intellectual immortality, and why the \"why\" of writing matters more than the \"who\".](https://www.ignorance.ai/p/the-bots-are-reading-along)\nMar 23 • [Charlie Guo](https://substack.com/@charlieguo)\n35\n8\n4\n![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ck8W!,w_320,h_213,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F97ab5957-5fb6-4695-8e69-7e04b4a091d2_1372x768.jpeg)\n[BYOB: Build Your Own Benchmark](https://www.ignorance.ai/p/byob-build-your-own-benchmark)\n[AI benchmarks are saturating, getting harder to verify, and increasingly irrelevant to how most people use models. The replacements are weirder - and…](https://www.ignorance.ai/p/byob-build-your-own-benchmark)\nMar 1 • [Charlie Guo](https://substack.com/@charlieguo)\n25\n6\n3\n![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yphl!,w_320,h_213,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff93a2d27-8e58-4ff0-a01c-571c99269552_1456x816.jpeg)\n### February 2026\n[The Emerging \"Harness Engineering\" Playbook](https://www.ignorance.ai/p/the-emerging-harness-engineering)\n[The converging best practices for building with coding agents, from OpenAI to Stripe to OpenClaw.](https://www.ignorance.ai/p/the-emerging-harness-engineering)\nFeb 22 • [Charlie Guo](https://substack.com/@charlieguo)\n92\n14\n9\n![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_cYj!,w_320,h_213,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd07968e8-4a9b-4801-86bc-69b7e3e080e5_1456x816.jpeg)\n[GPT-5.3-Codex and Claude Opus 4.6: More System Card Shenanigans](https://www.ignorance.ai/p/gpt-5-3-and-claude-opus-4-6-system-cards)\n[Evaluation awareness, reward hacking, and the cybersecurity problem.](https://www.ignorance.ai/p/gpt-5-3-and-claude-opus-4-6-system-cards)\nFeb 11 • [Charlie Guo](https://substack.com/@charlieguo)\n33\n5\n3\n![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HHCn!,w_320,h_213,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe8f7243e-6337-43f1-b34f-0260b41c9c07_1536x768.jpeg)\n[The Codex App Has Upended My Daily Workflow](https://www.ignorance.ai/p/the-codex-app-has-upended-my-daily)\n[I haven't opened my IDE in days. I'm not sure I miss it.](https://www.ignorance.ai/p/the-codex-app-has-upended-my-daily)\nFeb 2 • [Charlie Guo](https://substack.com/@charlieguo)\n29\n7\n2\n![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Xktu!,w_320,h_213,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6a1cb29c-b921-43d3-93a4-392aad8ada55_1708x1080.jpeg)\n### January 2026\n[Humans Welcome to Observe](https://www.ignorance.ai/p/openclaw-moltbook-and-the-ai-agents)\n[The OpenClaw/Clawdbot explainer: personal AI agents, security nightmares, and robot religion.](https://www.ignorance.ai/p/openclaw-moltbook-and-the-ai-agents)\nJan 31 • [Charlie Guo](https://substack.com/@charlieguo)\n45\n5\n8\n![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!b_J9!,w_320,h_213,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1c0dda6f-2c6c-4205-ae46-7c39fd4e6719_1536x768.jpeg)\n[Skills, Tools and MCPs - What’s The Difference?](https://www.ignorance.ai/p/skills-tools-and-mcps-whats-the-difference)\n[The primitives for AI systems are still being invented. Here's where we are today.](https://www.ignorance.ai/p/skills-tools-and-mcps-whats-the-difference)\nJan 24 • [Charlie Guo](https://substack.com/@charlieguo)\n48\n4\n6\n![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yB-9!,w_320,h_213,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F04fcd48a-be06-472b-bccf-7ca33201b14b_1536x768.jpeg)\n[The AI Manager's Schedule](https://www.ignorance.ai/p/the-ai-managers-schedule)\n[The new skills you need when your reports are LLMs.](https://www.ignorance.ai/p/the-ai-managers-schedule)\nJan 16 • [Charlie Guo](https://substack.com/@charlieguo)\n27\n1\n3\n![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yx0G!,w_320,h_213,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdad0b8f2-7299-4d9d-be58-6f6e3f2dd414_1536x768.jpeg)\n[On Joining OpenAI](https://www.ignorance.ai/p/on-joining-openai)\n[And the next chapter of Artificial Ignorance.](https://www.ignorance.ai/p/on-joining-openai)\nJan 9 • [Charlie Guo](https://substack.com/@charlieguo)\n35\n36\n1\n![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7wjr!,w_320,h_213,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F28fcc730-2c7a-445c-b720-72ff68f2b4a8_1280x1280.png)\n[10 AI Stories That Shaped 2025](https://www.ignorance.ai/p/10-ai-stories-that-shaped-2025)\n[A look back at the year in AI news.](https://www.ignorance.ai/p/10-ai-stories-that-shaped-2025)\nJan 4 • [Charlie Guo](https://substack.com/@charlieguo)\n20\n2\n2\n![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RfPN!,w_320,h_213,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8816d867-0a53-4cd7-bb38-536d5417c1d2_1536x768.jpeg)\n### December 2025\n[AI Roundup 150: Empire State Defiance](https://www.ignorance.ai/p/ai-roundup-150-empire-state-defiance)\n[December 27, 2025.](https://www.ignorance.ai/p/ai-roundup-150-empire-state-defiance)\nDec 27, 2025 • [Charlie Guo](https://substack.com/@charlieguo)\n21\n2\n2\n![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SWMt!,w_320,h_213,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc90fcd21-761e-4113-82f0-9f59f6debe02_3072x1536.jpeg)\n[AI Roundup 149: Flash Forward](https://www.ignorance.ai/p/ai-roundup-flash-forward)\n[December 20, 2025.](https://www.ignorance.ai/p/ai-roundup-flash-forward)\nDec 20, 2025 • [Charlie Guo](https://substack.com/@charlieguo)\n18\n2\n1\n![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pRuf!,w_320,h_213,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcb3911c2-9c78-481c-8176-a67a763d52dc_2096x1182.jpeg)\n[AI Trends for 2026](https://www.ignorance.ai/p/ai-trends-for-2026)\n[And a report card for last year’s predictions.](https://www.ignorance.ai/p/ai-trends-for-2026)\nDec 17, 2025 • [Charlie Guo](https://substack.com/@charlieguo)\n34\n5\n7\n![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wBoE!,w_320,h_213,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F52cc82b0-c836-445f-a0db-176d957446bc_2752x1760.jpeg)\n[AI Roundup 148: GPT-5.2](https://www.ignorance.ai/p/ai-roundup-gpt-5-2)\n[December 12, 2025.](https://www.ignorance.ai/p/ai-roundup-gpt-5-2)\nDec 12, 2025 • [Charlie Guo](https://substack.com/@charlieguo)\n19\n4\n1\n![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GcjL!,w_320,h_213,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6b7e7c79-008f-403b-933f-09549a9f920b_1456x816.jpeg)\n[AI Roundup 147: OpenAI's Code Red](https://www.ignorance.ai/p/ai-roundup-openais-code-red)\n[December 5, 2025.](https://www.ignorance.ai/p/ai-roundup-openais-code-red)\nDec 5, 2025 • [Charlie Guo](https://substack.com/@charlieguo)\n15\n2\n![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eVDG!,w_320,h_213,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1eb8ecb9-018e-4ed7-b73e-f7ee3ae2e634_3072x1536.jpeg)\n### November 2025\n[AI Roundup 146: Opus Day](https://www.ignorance.ai/p/ai-roundup-opus-day)\n[November 28, 2025.](https://www.ignorance.ai/p/ai-roundup-opus-day)\nNov 28, 2025 • [Charlie Guo](https://substack.com/@charlieguo)\n15\n1\n![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WAZ3!,w_320,h_213,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F99161089-68e8-4f05-a251-a9c59f9b8fc7_3840x2160.jpeg)\n[AI Roundup 145: Gemini 3](https://www.ignorance.ai/p/ai-roundup-gemini-3)\n[November 21, 2025.](https://www.ignorance.ai/p/ai-roundup-gemini-3)\nNov 21, 2025 • [Charlie Guo](https://substack.com/@charlieguo)\n17\n![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!u0QK!,w_320,h_213,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fba6cf323-97e3-4ebc-b3d4-ee6f51953584_1920x1083.jpeg)\n[Gemini 3 and Google’s Antigravity Trajectory](https://www.ignorance.ai/p/gemini-3-and-googles-antigravity)\n[Google's simultaneous releases in models, research, and developer tools.](https://www.ignorance.ai/p/gemini-3-and-googles-antigravity)\nNov 19, 2025 • [Charlie Guo](https://substack.com/@charlieguo)\n21\n3\n6\n![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tOst!,w_320,h_213,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F53313988-209e-4e7e-a25d-975f80d41627_2972x1724.jpeg)\n[AI Roundup 144: Agentic espionage](https://www.ignorance.ai/p/ai-roundup-agentic-espionage)\n[November 14, 2025.](https://www.ignorance.ai/p/ai-roundup-agentic-espionage)\nNov 14, 2025 • [Charlie Guo](https://substack.com/@charlieguo)\n6\n1\n![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pZQS!,w_320,h_213,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F773b2eb0-7e94-4207-9a70-1656ccd9c4e3_1456x816.jpeg)\n[AI Roundup 143: Agent provocateur](https://www.ignorance.ai/p/ai-roundup-agent-provocateur)\n[November 7, 2025.](https://www.ignorance.ai/p/ai-roundup-agent-provocateur)\nNov 7, 2025 • [Charlie Guo](https://substack.com/@charlieguo)\n13\n![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jft4!,w_320,h_213,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F80855e12-fe6c-4228-9097-e0d791cb32a3_2912x1632.jpeg)\n[Is a CS Degree Still Worth It?](https://www.ignorance.ai/p/is-a-cs-degree-still-worth-it)\n[The junior developer crisis and the value of CS fundamentals.](https://www.ignorance.ai/p/is-a-cs-degree-still-worth-it)\nNov 6, 2025 • [Charlie Guo](https://substack.com/@charlieguo)\n13\n![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!a5XA!,w_320,h_213,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff224aef7-4c58-4c1d-9e19-2074b4cea3c0_1024x433.jpeg)\n### October 2025\n[AI Roundup 142: Layoff season](https://www.ignorance.ai/p/ai-roundup-layoff-season)\n[October 31, 2025.](https://www.ignorance.ai/p/ai-roundup-layoff-season)\nOct 31, 2025 • [Charlie Guo](https://substack.com/@charlieguo)\n17\n1\n1\n![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!x4hH!,w_320,h_213,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffdf01285-8023-4307-896c-9048c14a0ffd_2912x1632.jpeg)\n© 2026 Charlie Guo · [Privacy](https://substack.com/privacy) ∙ [Terms](https://substack.com/tos) ∙ [Collection notice](https://substack.com/ccpa#personal-data-collected)\n[ Start your Substack](https://substack.com/signup?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=web&utm_content=footer)[Get the app](https://substack.com/app/app-store-redirect?utm_campaign=app-marketing&utm_content=web-footer-button)\n[Substack](https://substack.com) is the home for great culture\n",
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