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  "title_listed": "How AI Really Works: A Gentle Introduction",
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  "publish_date": "2023-11",
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  "body_markdown": "[![Understanding AI](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bNw0!,w_40,h_40,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0c71d945-86dd-4042-87bd-974ed65380bb_420x420.png)](https://www.understandingai.org/)\n# [Understanding AI](https://www.understandingai.org/)\nSubscribeSign in\n[Home](https://www.understandingai.org/)\n[Podcast](https://www.understandingai.org/podcast)\n[Archive](https://www.understandingai.org/archive)\n[About](https://www.understandingai.org/about)\n## Page not found\nLatestTopDiscussions\n[OpenAI’s Astra model is shockingly good at robotics](https://www.understandingrobots.org/cp/218401852)\n[In the future, will general-purpose LLMs control robots?](https://www.understandingrobots.org/cp/218401852)\nPublished on Understanding Robots • 33 mins ago\n![](../images/013.png)\n### September 2026\n[How a single tweet transformed the AI safety debate](https://www.understandingai.org/p/how-a-single-tweet-transformed-the)\n[Most people think AI is risky, but they don’t agree what to do next.](https://www.understandingai.org/p/how-a-single-tweet-transformed-the)\nSep 17 • [Kai Williams](https://substack.com/@chiwilliams)\n124\n2\n14\n![](../images/031.jpeg)\n[OpenAI spent millions to solve this famous math problem — mathematicians are furious](https://www.understandingai.org/p/openai-spent-millions-to-solve-this)\n[Mathematics relies on a community of experts openly sharing ideas.](https://www.understandingai.org/p/openai-spent-millions-to-solve-this)\nSep 10 • [Kai Williams](https://substack.com/@chiwilliams)\n175\n5\n16\n![](../images/body-7dc8f2a182400ffee19b.jpeg)\n[19 robotics companies to watch](https://www.understandingai.org/p/19-robotics-companies-to-watch)\n[I talked with nine of these companies.](https://www.understandingai.org/p/19-robotics-companies-to-watch)\nSep 4 • [Kai Williams](https://substack.com/@chiwilliams)\n78\n7\n4\n![](../images/body-c66ad4634651c3abcfc0.png)\n[Robot startups are trying everything they can think of to get more data](https://www.understandingai.org/p/robot-startups-are-trying-everything)\n[Free apartment cleanings, exoskeletons, 100 robots in a warehouse...](https://www.understandingai.org/p/robot-startups-are-trying-everything)\nSep 3 • [Kai Williams](https://substack.com/@chiwilliams)\n102\n13\n![](../images/body-681046c3eacf7a6d4da6.png)\n[How Google taught LLMs to control robots and started a robotics boom](https://www.understandingai.org/p/how-google-taught-llms-to-control)\n[Vision-language-action models, explained with a minimum of math and jargon.](https://www.understandingai.org/p/how-google-taught-llms-to-control)\nSep 2 • [Timothy B. Lee](https://substack.com/@timothyblee)\n155\n2\n11\n![](../images/body-b6642756a04718faaf45.webp)\n[Why humanoid robots won’t catch up to human workers any time soon](https://www.understandingai.org/p/why-humanoid-robots-wont-catch-up)\n[A deep dive into the current state of humanoid robotics.](https://www.understandingai.org/p/why-humanoid-robots-wont-catch-up)\nSep 1 • [Kai Williams](https://substack.com/@chiwilliams)\n290\n68\n55\n![](../images/body-302a14d8c167f3e2c345.png)\n### August 2026\n[I spent $4,000 on a robot dog from China](https://www.understandingai.org/p/i-spent-4000-on-a-robot-dog-from)\n[Unitree might be the world’s most important robotics company.](https://www.understandingai.org/p/i-spent-4000-on-a-robot-dog-from)\nAug 31 • [Timothy B. Lee](https://substack.com/@timothyblee)\n245\n27\n31\n![](../images/body-0714dedb198e27625938.jpeg)\n[Labs are struggling to keep frontier models under control](https://www.understandingai.org/p/labs-are-struggling-to-keep-frontier)\n[OpenAI and Anthropic may have accidentally trained models to get better at hacking.](https://www.understandingai.org/p/labs-are-struggling-to-keep-frontier)\nAug 13 • [Timothy B. Lee](https://substack.com/@timothyblee)\n240\n13\n17\n![](../images/body-bf3b59d5b3ba874cfd7d.jpeg)\n[Mathematicians are grappling with the possibility that AI might eclipse them](https://www.understandingai.org/p/mathematicians-are-grappling-with)\n[I talked to 20 mathematicians about rapid AI progress in their field.](https://www.understandingai.org/p/mathematicians-are-grappling-with)\nAug 4 • [Kai Williams](https://substack.com/@chiwilliams)\n279\n51\n33\n![](../images/body-24963b0226c7b2924430.jpeg)\n[Our advertising principles](https://www.understandingai.org/p/our-advertising-principles)\n[How we fund our journalism without compromising our independence.](https://www.understandingai.org/p/our-advertising-principles)\nAug 4 • [Timothy B. Lee](https://substack.com/@timothyblee)\n23\n![](../images/body-fad68c307de3ee43f027.jpeg)\n### July 2026\n[An OpenAI model hacked Hugging Face to help it cheat on a benchmark](https://www.understandingai.org/p/an-openai-model-hacked-hugging-face)\n[Organizations across the Internet need to move quickly to patch vulnerabilities.](https://www.understandingai.org/p/an-openai-model-hacked-hugging-face)\nJul 22 • [Timothy B. Lee](https://substack.com/@timothyblee)\n44\n5\n6\n![](../images/body-7b304f8fad212991f0e0.jpeg)\n[An OpenAI model crushed top human programmers at a world coding competition](https://www.understandingai.org/p/an-openai-model-crushed-top-human)\n[But human programmers aren’t obsolete — at least not yet.](https://www.understandingai.org/p/an-openai-model-crushed-top-human)\nJul 10 • [Kai Williams](https://substack.com/@chiwilliams)\n150\n4\n8\n![](../images/body-8b7cc54fa472223852f5.png)\n### June 2026\n[7 charts that show why you should advertise on Understanding AI](https://www.understandingai.org/p/7-charts-that-show-why-you-should)\n[The newsletter will remain ad-free for paying readers.](https://www.understandingai.org/p/7-charts-that-show-why-you-should)\nJun 29 • [Timothy B. Lee](https://substack.com/@timothyblee)\n164\n21\n4\n![](../images/body-d19258f57829dbeba810.png)\n[The US now has a de facto model licensing system](https://www.understandingai.org/p/the-us-now-has-a-de-facto-model-licensing)\n[OpenAI’s latest model, GPT-5.6, is waiting for government approval.](https://www.understandingai.org/p/the-us-now-has-a-de-facto-model-licensing)\nJun 29 • [Timothy B. Lee](https://substack.com/@timothyblee)\n23\n1\n1\n![](../images/body-7aa5d7c5e0f99e5facc4.jpeg)\n[Why AI hasn’t replaced software engineers, and won’t](https://www.normaltech.ai/cp/202352853)\n[Coding agents as normal technology](https://www.normaltech.ai/cp/202352853)\nPublished on AI as Normal Technology • Jun 16\n![](../images/body-a3aff71ea1ddb908ad1b.png)\n[The MAGA power struggle that could decide the fate of Anthropic](https://www.understandingai.org/p/the-maga-power-struggle-that-could)\n[It may not be easy for Anthropic to escape the Trump export ban.](https://www.understandingai.org/p/the-maga-power-struggle-that-could)\nJun 15 • [Timothy B. Lee](https://substack.com/@timothyblee)\n129\n3\n5\n![](../images/body-552af27317834b33c3d3.jpeg)\n[Anthropic’s Fable is the most locked-down public model we’ve ever seen](https://www.understandingai.org/p/anthropics-fable-is-the-most-locked)\n[How Anthropic decides which questions are too dangerous for Claude to answer.](https://www.understandingai.org/p/anthropics-fable-is-the-most-locked)\nJun 11 • [Kai Williams](https://substack.com/@chiwilliams)\n136\n10\n6\n![](../images/body-e40ab53b8b53cdddc1a8.png)\n[DC-area happy hour on June 23!](https://www.understandingai.org/p/dc-area-happy-hour-on-june-23)\n[Meet the Understanding AI team — and some friends of the newsletter.](https://www.understandingai.org/p/dc-area-happy-hour-on-june-23)\nJun 11 • [Timothy B. Lee](https://substack.com/@timothyblee) and [Kai Williams](https://substack.com/@chiwilliams)\n16\n1\n![](../images/body-177a7ff06802a5855221.webp)\n[Anthropic has caught up to OpenAI in image understanding](https://www.understandingai.org/p/anthropic-has-caught-up-to-openai)\n[But neither one is all that good.](https://www.understandingai.org/p/anthropic-has-caught-up-to-openai)\nJun 10 • [Timothy B. Lee](https://substack.com/@timothyblee)\n96\n3\n5\n![](../images/body-f6984c49b04e7743c4c7.png)\n[We're building a different kind of AI newsroom](https://www.understandingai.org/p/were-building-a-different-kind-of)\n[Your subscription dollars now directly support Kai Williams.](https://www.understandingai.org/p/were-building-a-different-kind-of)\nJun 1 • [Timothy B. Lee](https://substack.com/@timothyblee)\n48\n9\n![](../images/body-98507f6ff8535acfd471.jpeg)\n### May 2026\n[OpenAI’s math breakthrough played to AI’s strengths](https://www.understandingai.org/p/openais-milestone-math-breakthrough)\n[I tried to explain OpenAI’s solution more clearly than OpenAI did.](https://www.understandingai.org/p/openais-milestone-math-breakthrough)\nMay 28 • [Kai Williams](https://substack.com/@chiwilliams)\n194\n25\n14\n![](../images/body-d8b826590b9ee7aeef81.png)\n[Why it might not make sense for you to own a self-driving car](https://www.understandingai.org/p/why-it-might-not-make-sense-for-you)\n[Tensor let me sit in their driverless car. It might go on sale in the US next year.](https://www.understandingai.org/p/why-it-might-not-make-sense-for-you)\nMay 14 • [Timothy B. Lee](https://substack.com/@timothyblee)\n143\n4\n8\n![](../images/body-d40ee33c3693e363a54b.jpeg)\n[A big lesson of my China visit: compute shortages are holding back Chinese AI](https://www.understandingai.org/p/a-big-lesson-of-my-china-visit-compute)\n[One estimate suggests that OpenAI has about as much compute as the entire Chinese AI industry.](https://www.understandingai.org/p/a-big-lesson-of-my-china-visit-compute)\nMay 12 • [Kai Williams](https://substack.com/@chiwilliams)\n115\n8\n7\n![](../images/body-a0ef8d1205155589256d.jpeg)\n© 2026 Timothy B Lee · [Privacy](https://substack.com/privacy) ∙ [Terms](https://substack.com/tos) ∙ [Collection notice](https://substack.com/ccpa#personal-data-collected)\n[ Start your Substack](https://substack.com/signup?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=web&utm_content=footer)[Get the app](https://substack.com/app/app-store-redirect?utm_campaign=app-marketing&utm_content=web-footer-button)\n[Substack](https://substack.com) is the home for great culture\n",
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  "source_body_markdown": "[![Understanding AI](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bNw0!,w_40,h_40,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0c71d945-86dd-4042-87bd-974ed65380bb_420x420.png)](https://www.understandingai.org/)\n# [Understanding AI](https://www.understandingai.org/)\nSubscribeSign in\n[Home](https://www.understandingai.org/)\n[Podcast](https://www.understandingai.org/podcast)\n[Archive](https://www.understandingai.org/archive)\n[About](https://www.understandingai.org/about)\n## Page not found\nLatestTopDiscussions\n[OpenAI’s Astra model is shockingly good at robotics](https://www.understandingrobots.org/cp/218401852)\n[In the future, will general-purpose LLMs control robots?](https://www.understandingrobots.org/cp/218401852)\nPublished on Understanding Robots • 33 mins ago\n![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Z69u!,w_320,h_213,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_center/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbdf8a5c1-ef8d-4b78-9503-0960eaec2c15_2048x1122.png)\n### September 2026\n[How a single tweet transformed the AI safety debate](https://www.understandingai.org/p/how-a-single-tweet-transformed-the)\n[Most people think AI is risky, but they don’t agree what to do next.](https://www.understandingai.org/p/how-a-single-tweet-transformed-the)\nSep 17 • [Kai Williams](https://substack.com/@chiwilliams)\n124\n2\n14\n![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8RsC!,w_320,h_213,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_center/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbd92fe2a-59b5-4dcb-b95e-abdd0957ac68_2048x1365.jpeg)\n[OpenAI spent millions to solve this famous math problem — mathematicians are furious](https://www.understandingai.org/p/openai-spent-millions-to-solve-this)\n[Mathematics relies on a community of experts openly sharing ideas.](https://www.understandingai.org/p/openai-spent-millions-to-solve-this)\nSep 10 • [Kai Williams](https://substack.com/@chiwilliams)\n175\n5\n16\n![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gufQ!,w_320,h_213,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_center/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd72b71d8-ef70-430e-80f4-0a97584d58f8_2048x1454.jpeg)\n[19 robotics companies to watch](https://www.understandingai.org/p/19-robotics-companies-to-watch)\n[I talked with nine of these companies.](https://www.understandingai.org/p/19-robotics-companies-to-watch)\nSep 4 • [Kai Williams](https://substack.com/@chiwilliams)\n78\n7\n4\n![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0Oyg!,w_320,h_213,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_center/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F81236b2c-4d8f-4327-a29d-fcfd913e023c_1116x699.png)\n[Robot startups are trying everything they can think of to get more data](https://www.understandingai.org/p/robot-startups-are-trying-everything)\n[Free apartment cleanings, exoskeletons, 100 robots in a warehouse...](https://www.understandingai.org/p/robot-startups-are-trying-everything)\nSep 3 • [Kai Williams](https://substack.com/@chiwilliams)\n102\n13\n![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!iAgW!,w_320,h_213,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_center/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F28e2d5f8-5b44-4a63-9f6b-c77608b0f628_1200x630.png)\n[How Google taught LLMs to control robots and started a robotics boom](https://www.understandingai.org/p/how-google-taught-llms-to-control)\n[Vision-language-action models, explained with a minimum of math and jargon.](https://www.understandingai.org/p/how-google-taught-llms-to-control)\nSep 2 • [Timothy B. Lee](https://substack.com/@timothyblee)\n155\n2\n11\n![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HI4l!,w_320,h_213,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_center/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1acfdfbd-a8e8-4c21-b0cd-47ec3cda58b8_2880x1620.webp)\n[Why humanoid robots won’t catch up to human workers any time soon](https://www.understandingai.org/p/why-humanoid-robots-wont-catch-up)\n[A deep dive into the current state of humanoid robotics.](https://www.understandingai.org/p/why-humanoid-robots-wont-catch-up)\nSep 1 • [Kai Williams](https://substack.com/@chiwilliams)\n290\n68\n55\n![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FzSr!,w_320,h_213,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_center/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F161a13ab-1d30-401a-af5b-f5fd91994302_1911x865.png)\n### August 2026\n[I spent $4,000 on a robot dog from China](https://www.understandingai.org/p/i-spent-4000-on-a-robot-dog-from)\n[Unitree might be the world’s most important robotics company.](https://www.understandingai.org/p/i-spent-4000-on-a-robot-dog-from)\nAug 31 • [Timothy B. Lee](https://substack.com/@timothyblee)\n245\n27\n31\n![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JAXS!,w_320,h_213,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_center/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F80276b2c-6940-443f-adf2-2aabe4d1e838_2048x1365.jpeg)\n[Labs are struggling to keep frontier models under control](https://www.understandingai.org/p/labs-are-struggling-to-keep-frontier)\n[OpenAI and Anthropic may have accidentally trained models to get better at hacking.](https://www.understandingai.org/p/labs-are-struggling-to-keep-frontier)\nAug 13 • [Timothy B. Lee](https://substack.com/@timothyblee)\n240\n13\n17\n![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Swpz!,w_320,h_213,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_center/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F96c60826-ee40-4d1e-8b0c-be963d7366e9_3100x2148.jpeg)\n[Mathematicians are grappling with the possibility that AI might eclipse them](https://www.understandingai.org/p/mathematicians-are-grappling-with)\n[I talked to 20 mathematicians about rapid AI progress in their field.](https://www.understandingai.org/p/mathematicians-are-grappling-with)\nAug 4 • [Kai Williams](https://substack.com/@chiwilliams)\n279\n51\n33\n![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!DufQ!,w_320,h_213,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_center/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0935e35c-afb9-4aa7-a94a-9062b496dc04_2048x1445.jpeg)\n[Our advertising principles](https://www.understandingai.org/p/our-advertising-principles)\n[How we fund our journalism without compromising our independence.](https://www.understandingai.org/p/our-advertising-principles)\nAug 4 • [Timothy B. Lee](https://substack.com/@timothyblee)\n23\n![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XCTz!,w_320,h_213,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_center/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe61e3f71-1516-48cd-9b35-3d670cf63a15_7744x5163.jpeg)\n### July 2026\n[An OpenAI model hacked Hugging Face to help it cheat on a benchmark](https://www.understandingai.org/p/an-openai-model-hacked-hugging-face)\n[Organizations across the Internet need to move quickly to patch vulnerabilities.](https://www.understandingai.org/p/an-openai-model-hacked-hugging-face)\nJul 22 • [Timothy B. Lee](https://substack.com/@timothyblee)\n44\n5\n6\n![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8WrX!,w_320,h_213,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_center/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4769f693-a65f-4ff0-a5d4-04f1126d8f8d_1280x853.jpeg)\n[An OpenAI model crushed top human programmers at a world coding competition](https://www.understandingai.org/p/an-openai-model-crushed-top-human)\n[But human programmers aren’t obsolete — at least not yet.](https://www.understandingai.org/p/an-openai-model-crushed-top-human)\nJul 10 • [Kai Williams](https://substack.com/@chiwilliams)\n150\n4\n8\n![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LNLh!,w_320,h_213,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_center/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcd9662cd-6342-4ee9-be89-22e750d7499f_670x723.png)\n### June 2026\n[7 charts that show why you should advertise on Understanding AI](https://www.understandingai.org/p/7-charts-that-show-why-you-should)\n[The newsletter will remain ad-free for paying readers.](https://www.understandingai.org/p/7-charts-that-show-why-you-should)\nJun 29 • [Timothy B. Lee](https://substack.com/@timothyblee)\n164\n21\n4\n![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aq8l!,w_320,h_213,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_center/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F89d19d73-11d5-429f-a460-6ea7d2820484_1920x1440.png)\n[The US now has a de facto model licensing system](https://www.understandingai.org/p/the-us-now-has-a-de-facto-model-licensing)\n[OpenAI’s latest model, GPT-5.6, is waiting for government approval.](https://www.understandingai.org/p/the-us-now-has-a-de-facto-model-licensing)\nJun 29 • [Timothy B. Lee](https://substack.com/@timothyblee)\n23\n1\n1\n![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wKpb!,w_320,h_213,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_center/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F29651e69-4a82-45e4-8109-c39493ae0a31_4093x2729.jpeg)\n[Why AI hasn’t replaced software engineers, and won’t](https://www.normaltech.ai/cp/202352853)\n[Coding agents as normal technology](https://www.normaltech.ai/cp/202352853)\nPublished on AI as Normal Technology • Jun 16\n![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eBfS!,w_320,h_213,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_center/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F931ce348-4a6a-44e9-ad78-322dd8421bd7_1286x764.png)\n[The MAGA power struggle that could decide the fate of Anthropic](https://www.understandingai.org/p/the-maga-power-struggle-that-could)\n[It may not be easy for Anthropic to escape the Trump export ban.](https://www.understandingai.org/p/the-maga-power-struggle-that-could)\nJun 15 • [Timothy B. Lee](https://substack.com/@timothyblee)\n129\n3\n5\n![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SCMt!,w_320,h_213,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_center/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F897e5be2-76e0-4ba4-9ef7-a67b49a3927d_5775x3935.jpeg)\n[Anthropic’s Fable is the most locked-down public model we’ve ever seen](https://www.understandingai.org/p/anthropics-fable-is-the-most-locked)\n[How Anthropic decides which questions are too dangerous for Claude to answer.](https://www.understandingai.org/p/anthropics-fable-is-the-most-locked)\nJun 11 • [Kai Williams](https://substack.com/@chiwilliams)\n136\n10\n6\n![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uU8Y!,w_320,h_213,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_center/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa21f2a25-bae8-4109-bf15-c9649cbe3d9c_1216x619.png)\n[DC-area happy hour on June 23!](https://www.understandingai.org/p/dc-area-happy-hour-on-june-23)\n[Meet the Understanding AI team — and some friends of the newsletter.](https://www.understandingai.org/p/dc-area-happy-hour-on-june-23)\nJun 11 • [Timothy B. Lee](https://substack.com/@timothyblee) and [Kai Williams](https://substack.com/@chiwilliams)\n16\n1\n![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!twZV!,w_320,h_213,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_center/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbebdd796-973c-49d9-8219-cd51d5cb7ebe_1456x1034.webp)\n[Anthropic has caught up to OpenAI in image understanding](https://www.understandingai.org/p/anthropic-has-caught-up-to-openai)\n[But neither one is all that good.](https://www.understandingai.org/p/anthropic-has-caught-up-to-openai)\nJun 10 • [Timothy B. Lee](https://substack.com/@timothyblee)\n96\n3\n5\n![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2YNT!,w_320,h_213,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_center/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb6cc3ade-5ff1-45f5-95b2-868f0de717cf_2048x704.png)\n[We're building a different kind of AI newsroom](https://www.understandingai.org/p/were-building-a-different-kind-of)\n[Your subscription dollars now directly support Kai Williams.](https://www.understandingai.org/p/were-building-a-different-kind-of)\nJun 1 • [Timothy B. Lee](https://substack.com/@timothyblee)\n48\n9\n![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gQw9!,w_320,h_213,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_center/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffc18c93c-ae97-4bbc-8b7d-6f3a2d017682_2048x1454.jpeg)\n### May 2026\n[OpenAI’s math breakthrough played to AI’s strengths](https://www.understandingai.org/p/openais-milestone-math-breakthrough)\n[I tried to explain OpenAI’s solution more clearly than OpenAI did.](https://www.understandingai.org/p/openais-milestone-math-breakthrough)\nMay 28 • [Kai Williams](https://substack.com/@chiwilliams)\n194\n25\n14\n![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!G5hL!,w_320,h_213,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_center/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5c3b3625-dcf3-4c51-a6b7-de29623000b2_1192x876.png)\n[Why it might not make sense for you to own a self-driving car](https://www.understandingai.org/p/why-it-might-not-make-sense-for-you)\n[Tensor let me sit in their driverless car. It might go on sale in the US next year.](https://www.understandingai.org/p/why-it-might-not-make-sense-for-you)\nMay 14 • [Timothy B. Lee](https://substack.com/@timothyblee)\n143\n4\n8\n![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kRu3!,w_320,h_213,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_center/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F963bf407-212b-4b45-9a8b-81091e9fbd73_2048x1536.jpeg)\n[A big lesson of my China visit: compute shortages are holding back Chinese AI](https://www.understandingai.org/p/a-big-lesson-of-my-china-visit-compute)\n[One estimate suggests that OpenAI has about as much compute as the entire Chinese AI industry.](https://www.understandingai.org/p/a-big-lesson-of-my-china-visit-compute)\nMay 12 • [Kai Williams](https://substack.com/@chiwilliams)\n115\n8\n7\n![](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Bl8D!,w_320,h_213,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_center/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe07512e4-667e-4277-8b89-e6fb593dc036_2048x1536.jpeg)\n© 2026 Timothy B Lee · [Privacy](https://substack.com/privacy) ∙ [Terms](https://substack.com/tos) ∙ [Collection notice](https://substack.com/ccpa#personal-data-collected)\n[ Start your Substack](https://substack.com/signup?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=web&utm_content=footer)[Get the app](https://substack.com/app/app-store-redirect?utm_campaign=app-marketing&utm_content=web-footer-button)\n[Substack](https://substack.com) is the home for great culture\n",
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