{
  "source_file": "0930",
  "source_platform": "Medium",
  "author": "Kurtis Pykes",
  "title_listed": "5 Things That Will Instantly Make Your Python Code More Pythonic",
  "keywords": "Python,Pythonic",
  "domain": "数据处理",
  "content_type": "深度技术解析",
  "is_paid_flag": "部分免费/会员墙",
  "url": "https://towardsdatascience.com/5-things-that-will-instantly-make-your-python-code-more-pythonic-198c6d371c80/",
  "publish_date": "2022-04",
  "corpus_stage": "预训练/SFT",
  "notes": "",
  "id": "a930e3d97cf8",
  "collected_at": "2026-10-02T00:02:39",
  "title": "5 Things That Will Instantly Make Your Python Code More Pythonic | Towards Data Science",
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It also helps in adverstising on the website.\n\n\n  * Cookie\nedgebucket\n  * Duration\nsession\n  * Description\nReddit sets this cookie to save the information about a log-on Reddit user, for the purpose of advertisement recommendations and updating the content.\n\n\n  * Cookie\ndid\n  * Duration\n1 year\n  * Description\nArbor sets this cookie to show targeted ads to site visitors.This cookie expires after 2 months or 1 year.\n\n\nUncategorised\nOther uncategorised cookies are those that are being analysed and have not been classified into a category as yet.\nNo cookies to display.\nReject All Save My Preferences Accept All\nToggle Search[](https://towardsdatascience.com/)Toggle Mobile Navigation\n[](https://towardsdatascience.com/)\nPublish AI, ML & data-science insights to a global community of data professionals.\nSign in[Submit an Article](https://write.insightmediagroup.io)\n[Latest](https://towardsdatascience.com/latest/)[Editor's Picks](https://towardsdatascience.com/tag/editors-pick/)[Newsletter](https://towardsdatascience.com/tag/the-variable/)[ShipAI](https://towardsdatascience.com/shipai/)\n* * *\n[Write For TDS](https://towardsdatascience.com/submissions/)\n[LinkedIn](https://www.linkedin.com/company/towards-data-science/)[X](https://x.com/TDataScience)Toggle Search\n[Programming](https://towardsdatascience.com/category/programming/)\n# 5 Things That Will Instantly Make Your Python Code More Pythonic\nUnderstanding The Rules Of The Language\n[Kurtis Pykes](https://towardsdatascience.com/author/kurtispykes/)\nApril 27, 20227 min read\n![Photo by Alex Chumak on Unsplash](https://assets.insightmediagroup.io/media/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/0RPSrSXQCVIgQrXU3-scaled.jpg)\nPhoto by [Alex Chumak](https://unsplash.com/@ralexnder?utm_source=medium&utm_medium=referral) on [Unsplash](https://unsplash.com?utm_source=medium&utm_medium=referral)\nAnyone that speaks multiple languages understands that the rules of one language don't necessarily apply to another; I'm a native English speaker, but I also speak Twi which is a dialect of the Akan tribe in Ghana. I force myself to speak Twi whenever I'm in Ghana - I make a lot of mistakes, but the locals are friendly and they help me out.\nThe mistakes I make aren't necessarily things that would corrupt the meaning of what I said, it's usually just bad practice for the Twi language and they'd often make the same type of mistake when speaking English. For example, it's commonplace for Ghanaians to say please at the **beginning** of everything they say when they communicate in Twi so they do the same when they are speaking English.\nAlthough \"please yes\" is not necessarily bad use of English grammar, you probably wouldn't say it. But this error stems from trying to apply the rules of English to Twi. Many programmers who code in various languages get caught in this trap too.\nYour code may not throw an error, but you're making life harder for other programmers when they try to make sense of what you've written. Taking time to understand the best practices of a language is beneficial to not only yourself but to others who have to collaborate with you. For that reason, we're going to cover five standard approaches to writing Pythonic code.\nLearn this step by step with the interactive [Computer Science](https://roadmap.sh/computer-science) roadmap.\n## 1 enumerate() instead of range()\nOne of the most common misuses of Python you'll see is programmers using the `range()` and `len()` functions to loop over a list [or sequence] and generate indexes.\ntext\n\n```\nnames = [\"john\", \"doe\", \"jane\", \"plane\"]\nfor idx in range(len(names)): \n    print(idx, names[idx])\n```\n\ntext\n\n```\n0 john\n1 doe\n2 jane\n3 plane\n```\n\nYou'll find that the code above is valid and will run fine, so why is this a problem? It goes against one of the things that have made Python such a successful programming language: **readability**.\nUsing the `range(len(names))` convention is easy to do but is less than ideal because it compromises readability. A better way to perform the same functionality is to pass the list to the built-in `enumerate()` function, which will return an integer for the index and the element in the sequence.\ntext\n\n```\nnames = [\"john\", \"doe\", \"jane\", \"plane\"]\nfor idx, name in enumerate(names): \n    print(idx, name)\n```\n\ntext\n\n```\n0 john\n1 doe\n2 jane\n3 plane\n```\n\nIf you don't need the indexes then you can still loop through the elements as follows:\ntext\n\n```\nnames = [\"john\", \"doe\", \"jane\", \"plane\"]\nfor name in names: \n    print(name)\n```\n\ntext\n\n```\njohn \ndoe\njane\nplane\n```\n\n## 2 Use the `with` statement\nYou may be writing a program that requires you to read or write a file. The `open()` and `close()` built-in functions allow developers to open and close files respectively.\ntext\n\n```\nrequirements = open(\"requirements.txt\", \"w\")\nrequirements.write(\n  \"scikit-learn >= 0.24.2, < 0.25.0\", \n  \"numpy >= 1.21.2, < 1.22.0\",\n  \"pandas >= 1.3.3, < 1.4.0\"\n)\nrequirements.close() \n```\n\nIn the above code, we opened a text file called `requirements.txt`, wrote some contents, then closed it when we were finished. This code is completely valid but it's what Python programmers would call _**unpythonic**_.\nIt's also quite dangerous since it's pretty easy to forget to close a file, and sometimes it's out of our hands - like when an error occurs in a `try` clause and the program skips the `close()` call to the `except` clause.\ntext\n\n```\ntry: \n    requirements = open(\"requirements.txt\", \"w\")\n    requirements.write(\n      \"scikit-learn >= 0.24.2, < 0.25.0\", \n      \"numpy >= 1.21.2, < 1.22.0\",\n      \"pandas >= 1.3.3, < 1.4.0\"\n    )\n    random_error = 25 / 0 # raises a 0 divide exception\n    requirements.close() # this is skipped \nexcept: \n   print(\"An error occurred.\")\n```\n\nThe scenario above is pretty unlikely: I can't imagine an instance in which you're writing the dependencies and then dividing by some numbers. But the threat of a disaster is very real.\nIn the code above, the `close()` method is skipped because an error was found in our code which makes it skip to the `except` block. This can lead to extremely hard to trace, file corruption bugs later down the line.\nA better way to `open()` and `close()` files is as follows:\ntext\n\n```\nwith open(\"requirements.txt\", \"w\") as requirements:\n    requirements.write(\n      \"scikit-learn >= 0.24.2, < 0.25.0\", \n      \"numpy >= 1.21.2, < 1.22.0\",\n      \"pandas >= 1.3.3, < 1.4.0\"\n    )\n    requirements.close()\n```\n\nThe code above is more Pythonic and much safer since the file is always closed once the execution leaves the `with` statement block.\n## 3 Compare `None` values with `is`\nComparing `None` values with the `is` identity operator is preferred to the equality operator `==`.\n> \"comparisons to singletons like None should always be done with `is` or `is not`, never the equality operators.\"\n>   * PEP 8\n> \n\nThe reason for this is in how they conduct their comparisons:\n  * The equality operator `==` compares the values of two objects.\n  * The `is` identity operator compares two objects' identities. Thus, it's a reference for equality which means it determines if two objects have the same identity.\n\n\nIf this all sounds like jargon, the simple way to put it is that **two objects that have the same values are not necessarily identical in Python**.\ntext\n\n```\n# Example of equal values and identities\na = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] \nb = a \n```\n\ntext\n\n```\nid(a) \n\"\"\"\n140049469156864\n\"\"\"\n```\n\ntext\n\n```\nid(b)\n\"\"\"\n140049469156864\n\"\"\"\n```\n\ntext\n\n```\na is b\n\"\"\"\nTrue\n\"\"\"\n```\n\ntext\n\n```\na == b\n\"\"\"\nTrue\n\"\"\"\n```\n\ntext\n\n```\n# Example of equal values but different identities \na = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] \nb = a[:] \n```\n\ntext\n\n```\nid(a) \n\"\"\"\n139699152256576\n\"\"\"\n```\n\ntext\n\n```\nid(b)\n\"\"\"\n139699151636672\n\"\"\"\n```\n\ntext\n\n```\na is b\n\"\"\"\nFalse\n\"\"\"\n```\n\ntext\n\n```\na == b\n\"\"\"\nTrue\n\"\"\"\n```\n\nWhen you're comparing a value to `None` you should always use `is` because the equality operator `==` could still evaluate to `True` even if the object is in fact `None`.\ntext\n\n```\nclass Example: \n    def __eq__(self, other=None):\n        return True\n```\n\ntext\n\n```\nexample = Example()\nexample == None\n\"\"\"\nTrue\n\"\"\"\n```\n\ntext\n\n```\nexample is None\n\"\"\"\nFalse\n\"\"\"\n```\n\nThis possibility occurs as a result of overloading the `==` operator. Doing `example is None` literally checks to see whether the value in the `example` identifier is `None`. Basically, if a variable is set to `None` then comparing it to see if it `is None` will always evaluate to `True` - since the behavior is predictable, it's preferred.\n## Raw strings have a purpose\nA string prefixed with a `r` or `R` in Python is called a raw string.\ntext\n\n```\nprint(r\"This is a raw string\") \n\"\"\"\nThis is a raw string\n\"\"\"\n```\n\ntext\n\n```\nprint(R\"This is also a raw string\")\n\"\"\"\nThis is also a raw string\n\"\"\"\n```\n\nThe most common usage of a raw string is when we're handling a string that uses several escape characters `` (i.e. windows paths, regular expressions, or if we want to insert text into a string literal that would otherwise be impossible like`'` ).\ntext\n\n```\n# without raw strings \n```\n\ntext\n\n```\nprint(\"This is Kurtis' phone\")\n\"\"\"\nThis is Kurtis' phone\n\"\"\"\n```\n\ntext\n\n```\nprint(\"C:Userskurtisdocuments\") \n\"\"\"\nC:Userskurtisdocuments\n\"\"\"\n```\n\ntext\n\n```\n# with raw strings \n```\n\ntext\n\n```\nprint(r\"This is Kurtis' phone\")\n\"\"\"\nThis is Kurtis' phone\n\"\"\"\n```\n\ntext\n\n```\nprint(r\"C:Userskurtisdocuments\")\"\"\"\nC:Userskurtisdocuments\n\"\"\"\n```\n\nRaw strings shouldn't be considered as a different type of string data type - it's not. It's merely a convenient way to type strings that contain several backslashes.\n## F-strings are better to format code\nOne of the new features added in Python 3.6 was f-strings (shorthand for format strings). They offer a more concise and convenient way to format strings - also aligning with Python's readability object.\nTo understand its usefulness, we have to see the evolution to this point. Initially the `+` operator was used to concatenate strings:\ntext\n\n```\nname = \"John\"\nage = \"30\"\ncity = \"London\"\n```\n\ntext\n\n```\nprint(\"Hi, my name is \" + name + \" and I'm \" + age + \" years old. I live in \" + city )\n```\n\nAlthough this method works, it contains several quotes and `+` operators which distort the readability.\nPython then introduced the conversion specifier `%s` to make it more specific:\ntext\n\n```\nname = \"John\"\nage = \"30\"\ncity = \"London\"\n```\n\ntext\n\n```\nprint(\"Hi, my name is %s and I'm %s years old. I live in %s\" % (name, age, city))\n```\n\nThis also works but is still not the best for readability.\nHere's how we do the same with f-strings:\ntext\n\n```\nname = \"John\"\nage = \"30\"\ncity = \"London\"\n```\n\ntext\n\n```\nprint(f\"Hi, my name is {name} and I'm {age} years old. I live in {city}\")\n```\n\nMuch cleaner, and more Pythonic.\n_Thank you for reading._\n**Connect with me:** [LinkedIn](https://www.linkedin.com/in/kurtispykes/) [Twitter](https://twitter.com/KurtisPykes) [Instagram](https://www.instagram.com/kurtispykes/)\nIf you enjoy reading stories like this one and wish to support my writing, consider [becoming a Medium member](https://kurtispykes.medium.com/membership). With a $5 a month commitment, you unlock unlimited access to stories on Medium. If you use [my sign-up link](https://kurtispykes.medium.com/membership), I'll receive a small commission.\nAlready a member? 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