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In terms of functionality, there isn't anything that comes close. But it shouldn't be used for all instances like when you're debugging - especially if you're working on a complex program.\nYou may get away with using `print()` statements in a simple program, but I personally wouldn't advise it. You're better off getting into the habit of using logs to debug your code. Logging is one of the most useful tools in a programmer's toolbox. It's used as an aid to better understand the flow of a program and identify scenarios that may not have been considered while the program was being developed.\nPython provides us with a built-in logging module called `logging`. In this article, we will cover important concepts that will allow you to begin adding `logging` to your applications.\ntext\n\n```\nTable of contents: \n--> A simple introduction to Python's logging module\n--> Configuring the logger\n--> Creating your own logger object\n--> Understanding when to use logging\n```\n\nLearn this step by step with the interactive [Computer Science](https://roadmap.sh/computer-science) roadmap.\n## A simple introduction to Python's logging module\nA log is an auto-produced, timestamped documentation of events that are relevant to a program. To produce such information, a logger constantly monitors the flow of an application and stores the necessary information (i.e. who accessed the program and at what time).\nIn Python, you can use the `logging` module to create logs. It's a popular Python built-in that's used by most third-party libraries, which means you can integrate your log messages with those of the libraries you're using, but this isn't the only cool thing about it.\nAnother cool feature of the `logging` module is the set of functions it provides to make the logging process simple. Each logging function is named after an event's severity level - this makes it possible to record the most urgent events in your program.\nThe defined levels, in order of increasing severity, are as follows:\n * **DEBUG** : _Used to record low-level details with regards to the source code, for example, notifying the developers that a function has been called or the value of an object stored in a variable_.\n * **INFO** : _Used for general purpose information regarding things occurring in a program such as a file being read or an email being sent._\n * **WARNING** : _Used as a warning to inform you there's no error yet but there may be errors in the future._\n * **ERROR** : _Used for errors that are preventable._\n * **CRITICAL** : _Used for errors that cause the system to fail or cannot be recovered_\n\n\nIn other words, not all log messages are created equal.\nLet's take a look at the default logger that comes with the `logging` module:\ntext\n\n```\nimport logging \n```\n\ntext\n\n```\n>>> logging.debug(\"debug message\")\n>>> logging.info(\"info message\")\n>>> logging.warning(\"warning message\")\nWARNING:root:This is a warning message\n>>> logging.error(\"error message\")\nERROR:root:error message\n>>> logging.critical(\"critical message\")\nCRITICAL:root:critical message\n```\n\nYou may notice two things:\n 1. The `logging.debug()` and `logging.info()` functions are not logged. This is because the default configuration is to only log messages with a severity level of `WARNING` or above.\n 2. The output format of the logged messages is `severity_level:logger_name:logging_message`.\n\n\nWe can configure our log messages as you'll see in the next section.\n## Configuring the logger\nIn the above section, we covered the logging module with the default settings but sometimes the defaults aren't what we want. In such situations, we can set up our logger by configuring it with `logging.basicConfig()`.\nThe most commonly used parameters of `logging.basicConfig()` include:\n * `filename`— Specifies a `FileHandler` is created using the specified `filename` instead of a `StreamHandler`; The logging output is sent to a disk file with the given `filename`.\n * `filemode` - If a `filename` is specified then the file will be opened in the given `filemode`. The default mode is 'a': learn more about the different [modes](https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#filemodes).\n * `format` - The specified format string will be used for the handler; The default format string is `levelname:name:message` [as demonstrated above].\n * `level` - The specified severity level the root logger should be set to.\n\n\nLet's explore these parameters further.\nWe can set the severity level of our log messages by using the `level` parameter.\ntext\n\n```\nimport logging\nfrom datetime import date\n```\n\ntext\n\n```\nlogging.basicConfig(level=logging.INFO)\n```\n\ntext\n\n```\ndef calculate_age(year_of_birth:int) -> int:\n \"\"\"Compute the age of a person\"\"\"\n current_year = date.today().year\n return current_year - year_of_birth\n\nyear_of_birth = 1994\n\nlogging.info(f\"User was born in {year_of_birth} and is approximately {calculate_age(year_of_birth)} years old\")\n```\n\ntext\n\n```\n\"\"\"\nINFO:root:User was born in 1994 and is approximately 28 years old\n\"\"\"\n```\n\nIf we wanted to send our log message to a file instead of the console, we must pass the argument `filename` to our `logging.basicConfig()` and provide a name that we'd like to save the file under.\n_**Note**_ _:_`_basicConfig()_`_can only be called only if the root logger has not already been configured - it can only be called once. Thus, imagine the next few code snippets are updating the script above rather than extending it._\ntext\n\n```\nlogging.basicConfig(level=logging.INFO, filename=\"example.log\") \n```\n\nPerforming this update to our code will now append all the subsequent log messages to the file named `example.log` in your current working directory - this means if the file already exists then the logger would simply add your new logs to the end of the file.\nYou can change this behavior by setting the `filemode`. By default, the `filemode` parameter is set to `\"a\"` which means the file is \"_open for writing, appending to the end of file if it exists_ \" [**Source** : [Logging documentation](https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#filemodes)]. Let's change the `filemode` to `\"w\"`: \"_open for writing, truncating the file first._ \"\ntext\n\n```\nlogging.basicConfig(level=logging.INFO, \n filename=\"example.log\",\n filemode=\"w\")\n```\n\nEach time the program is run, the log file will be rewritten because of the change we made to the `filemode`.\nAt the moment, the log message being stored is from the default formating - `levelname:name:message`. We can change this by setting the `format` parameter in our default config.\ntext\n\n```\n\"\"\"\nINFO:root:User was born in 1994 and is approximately 28 years old\n\"\"\"\n```\n\nThe message will look like this but will be written to a file named `app.log` instead of the console.\nThe `logging` module also provides [several shorthand elements](https://docs.python.org/3/library/logging.html#:~:text=LogRecord%20attributes%C2%B6) that can easily be added to the output format. For example, we can use `%(asctime)s` to output a human-readable time of when the `LogRecord` is created.\ntext\n\n```\nlogging.basicConfig(level=logging.INFO, \n filename=\"example.log\",\n format=\"%(asctime)s - %(message)s\")\n```\n\ntext\n\n```\nlogging.info(f\"User was born in {year_of_birth} and is approximately {calculate_age(year_of_birth)} years old\")\n```\n\nOur new log message in the `example.log` file will look as follows:\ntext\n\n```\n2022-05-17 08:13:16,693 - User was born in 1994 and is approximately 28 years old\n```\n\n## Creating your own logger object\nUntil this point, we have been working with the default logger which has the name `root`. The `logging` documentation advises us to create our own logger object of the `Logger` class - this is even more important when there are multiple modules in your application.\n> _Loggers should NEVER be instantiated directly, but always through the module-level function `logging.getLogger(name)`. Multiple calls to `getLogger()` with the same name will always return a reference to the same Logger object.\n> * [**Source** : [Logger Objects documentation](\n> \n\nHere's some code from my [fraud detection project](https://github.com/kurtispykes/fraud-detection-project):\nThe name of the python file is `predict.py`: thus, we have instantiated a custom logger in the `_logger` variable called `predict` (see line 11).\n> \"It is recommended that we use module-level loggers by passing `__name__` as the name parameter to `getLogger()` to create a logger object as the name of the logger itself would tell us from where the events are being logged. `__name__` is a special built-in variable in Python which evaluates to the name of the current module.\"\n> * [Source: [Logger Objects documentation](.)].\n> \n\n## Understanding when to use logging\nIf you're anything like me, you're probably still reading wondering how you should know what `level` a log message should be given.\nThe logging documentation provides us with a useful guide.\n![When to use logging; \\[Source: Logging HOWTO\\].](https://assets.insightmediagroup.io/media/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/1EULb61c2eQiJLHvQBcCjIg.png)\n**When to use logging; [Source:**[**Logging HOWTO**](https://docs.python.org/3/howto/logging.html#:~:text=Task%20you%20want,and%20application%20domain)**].**\nThere's so much more we could cover about logging, but this is enough for you to get started. Apply as many of the things we've covered in this article to a personal project to cement the knowledge. Don't be afraid to refer to the [documentation](https://docs.python.org/3/howto/logging.html) when you need to.\n_Thanks for reading._\n**Connect with me:** [LinkedIn](https://www.linkedin.com/in/kurtispykes/) [Twitter](https://twitter.com/KurtisPykes) [Instagram](https://www.instagram.com/kurtispykes/)\nIf you enjoy reading stories like this one and wish to support my writing, consider [becoming a Medium member](https://kurtispykes.medium.com/membership). With a $5 a month commitment, you unlock unlimited access to stories on Medium. If you use [my sign-up link](https://kurtispykes.medium.com/membership), I'll receive a small commission.\nAlready a member? 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